DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
EXCRETORY SYSTEM

VERTEBRATES AND INVERTEBRATES

THE PROCESS OF NUTRITION

the animal kingdom is so huge and varied that it is very difficult to summarise how the different processes are carried out.

• All animals need take food from their environment, all animals need to process the food in order to extract the nutrition elements. The processing of food takes place in the digestive system. Animal digestive system iis made up of a length of tube whish the food runs throught and in whish the food is transformed. Birds and mammals have a more complex digestive system than invertebrates whose system is much more simple or even not-exist, as in the case of sponges.

• Animals also need to take oxygen from their environment, animals have a variety of differents respirator organs fish and many aquatic invertebretes have gills, insects have small tubes called trachea, and amphibeans, reptiles and mammals have lungs.

• all animals need a system for transporting the substances they need to survive to the cells this is called circulatory sistem its more conplicate in the vertebretes than that of invertebrates.
• finally all animals have an excretory system whish clean the blood and eliminates waste products.

VERTEBRATES AND INVERTEBRATES

INVERTEBRATES

Poriferan: are sea sponges


Coelenterates: are jelly fish,
corals and sea anemones.
Their bodies are soft and
almost see-through.

Arthropods: are insects,
spiders, crabs and centipedes.
They have a shell, legs and
antennae. Some of them also
have wings.

Molluscs: include snails, clams,
octopus and squid. They have
soft bodies but most of them
also have a shell.

Equinoderms: include sea urchins
and starfish. They have spines
and layers whish form a hard shell.


VERTEBRATES

fish: are acuatic, vertebrates
with scales, fins and tube.like
bodies. The are oviparous
and they breathe through.

Amphibians: include frogs
and salamanders. They are
oviparus. During their early stage
of growth they are aquatic
and their breathe through
gills. The adult animal
breathe using lungs and are
ussualy land creatures.

Reptiles: include snakes,
lizards, tortoises and
crocodiles. Most of htem
are land creatures. They
have scales, they are oviparous
and they breathe using lungs.

Bird: are land creatures.
Their bodies are covered in feathers.
They fly using wings. They are
oviparous and they breathe using lungs.

Mammals: are land creatures although some of them live in the water. Most of the have hair. They are viviparous and they breathe using lungs.

divercity of plants

22 September/ 09


THE DIVERSITY OF PLANTS

The plant kingdom is the second largest kingdom ( has the most species) after the animal kingdom. There are around 200,000 known species of plant.

We have seen a non-scientific classification of plants according to their shape. In order to classify them scientifically we have to use the criteria.

Plants are either vascular or non-vascular. This means that they either have or don't have a tube like structure which transports water, nutrients and mineral salts up the steams.
Some plants produce flowers and some do not.
some plants produce fruit and others do not.
Using these three criteria we can divide the plant kingdom into four large groups:


1.Bryophytes or mosses: commonly called mosses and liverworts, they are the smallest and simplest of all the plants. They have no fruit and are non-vascular. They depend on the presence of water of their survival and life in damp places.
2.Pterydophyta: this is a group of ferns. They are medium-sized vascular plants but they have no flower or fruit. They have large leaves are divided up into different sections. They also live and damp places.
3.Gymnosperms: this plants are vascular and they have flowers but not fruit. Most of them are threes or bushes like the pine tree and juniper bush or cypress. The largest tress in the world, the sequoias, belong to this group.
4.Angiosperms: these-plants are vascular, they have flower and fruit. This group of plants is the most varied because it includes grasses, bushes and trees. Some examples are, poppies, roses, rock-rose, thyme, holm cak, chestnut etc.

NUTRITION IN PLANT

FOOD FOR PLANTS

plants are producers which means that they produce their own food. In order to do this they need to absorb substances from the soil and the air and to transform them. This process has the following steps

1.plants absorb water and mineral salts from the soil plants need to absorb to their root . Various different mineral salts are dissolve in the water. The mixture of mineral salt and water which is up sort, by the plant is noun us raw sap.
2.The steamtransport the raw sap of the leaves, the rous sap moves up wards from the roots to the steam. After these if caries on up words through the vanes in ther steen, until it riches the leaves.
3.The raw up is transformed in the leabes, the fundamental proces of nutrition takes places in the leaves. This proces is called photosintesis.
4.The elaborated sap is distributed throughtout the plant finaly the nutrients containet in the elaborated sap are distributed throughtout the plant. It richers all the cells throught the vessels.



PLANTS RESPIRATION

plants breathe just as animals do. Their leaves takes oxygen from the airand release carbon dioxyde . Howeber, during the proces of photosintesis they take in carbon dioxide and realice oxygen. This proces of respiration involbes the taking and the relasing of glases bat in the reverse order as happends during nutrition. During the proces of nutrition the plant takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen.

During the day time the two proceses, respiration and nutririon are simultaneous. Howeber at night they are not.
.
During the day time plants breathe and carry out the proces of photosisntesis at night plants do not photosintesi but they do beathe

SEAS AND OCEANS

SEas AND OCEAN



the water in the seas and oceans covers almost three cuarters of the earthest surface earth the averal depth of the oceans is three thousand seven hundred
ninty five metres.

THE SALINITY OF SEA WATER


sea water is different from the continental fresh water in sow far as it has a wite content of south solution. the most common sauth in the sea water is
solt you lorate common south. there are also matter cuantities of lorate and others salt content of sea water ofr sea water is could it salinity and it is measere
in grams of soath lost a kg of water, the averech salinity of the water inthe oceans is 35 gramss, pear kg of water.*

in one water seas, were the water evaporate more the risajair level of salinity pearrit, in the red sea for example the salinity 41 grams pear kg of water*
in the very cold seas level of salinity is mach lower for example, in the valtic sea the salinity is only tell wgrams of sauth 10 kg of water, this level of salinity
is similar to some rivers and laker saltiest sea of all, is the dead sea whish has a salinity of 360 grams of salt pear kg of water,
haw ever the dead sea is not realy asi, it is a lake.

the constant movement of water


whe we amalise the movement of water we can see trhree differents site of movements:

1 the waves: are surface and dulations of the sea water and they are do to the action of the wind.

2 the tides: are increces and dicreaces in the level of the sea whish happend to a wrater or laced the wree or true the day.

3 the sea currents: are movements of hiuch mases of water from one point in the planet two anoter. there are one and could currents depending all the point of sorrilling of the movement and the areas
that the currents move thrue.

tarea: cuales son las corrientes marinas, y poner foto

PLANTS

plants

what is a plant?

its a living being

the plant kingdom in made up of organims with the following common characterisc:

they have eucaryotic cells organized into tissues. each tissue has a different funtion: growth, protection, etc. in turn the

fissues are grouped together to make organs such as leaves.

they are producers. they do not need to take in food like animals because they produce their own food.

what do all plants have in common ?

all plants have roots, steams and leaves.

they are green due to substance called chlorophy

plants cannot move themselves from one place to another but they do move.

homework: investigate and write the characteristics of:


grasses: have soft, flexible, green steems sam it samples of glases are:

wheat, nettles, violets, and poppis. Many plants in this category are very small bat others like the banana plants measure of the 2 meters and look like threes

bushes: are plants with a heart, woudy steem called a trunk. Bushes have a short trunk anf the branches grow outwards from the base, very close to the ground. Some bushes are very small like thime and others can grow up 2 m tall like box.

trees: have a much longer trunk and their ranches grow higher at the plant up the trunk. Some examples of threes are:

oack

holk

hold and pain.

PLANT REPRODUCTION

Plant reproduction

plant can reproduce in two different ways:

1)asexual reproduction: only one individual is involved in creating a new plant from its own parts. When we take a cutting off a geranium and replant it we are, in fact, aiding the plant in a asexual reproducction.
2)Sexual reproducction: two individuals are involved. The uniun of special cells from each of them produces a new plant. This is what happens when plants are reproduce throught flowers. Whithing these two broad groups there are many arieties. Some of the ways that angiosperms reproduce.
3)Flowers: the reprductive organims of angiosperms and gymnosperms are the flowers have two parts:
4)the reproductive: parts of a flower are the stamen and stigma
5)the productive: parts of flower are the petals whish make up corolla and the sepals whish up calyx
6)the ovules: are inside the stigma. When the ovules come into contact with the pollen produced in the stament they turn into seed. The flowers turn into fruit.
7)The reproducction proces:
1) pollination: pollen is transported from one flower to another on the wind or by insects like bees and buterflies. This transportation is pollination.
2) the fertilisation of the ovules: when a grain of pollen reaches the ovules. This is how the ovules are ferlilised.
3) the forming of fruit: after this the flower changes. The corolla and the calyx dry up and the stigma grows and changes until it becames the fruit the seeds. Whish are formed from the ovules are inside the fruit.
4) the germination of seeds. The seeds fall on the ground and, in a very short time, they germinate. The seeds open, a samall root comes out and tiny leaves begin to grow. A new plants graws the seeds.

CONTINENTAL WATER

continental water

in side the continents we can find water in the rivers, streams, slapes, and subterranian water diposits. part of the continental water is in the form of ice, on the mountain tops an glacirs. in placeses lake the swamp plants there is a comulation of fresh water from rivers mix together quit sea water.
in comprovition whit the marrin water, the amounth of t5he continental water, is realy insignificant. only 0.36 % of the water on the earth is fresh water from rivers, striams and likes. subtarrean water deposits a ccount for 10 time more than this, 0.365 % oof the total amaunth of the earths water. finily, one point 0.641 % of the earthes water is in the form of ice and snow on the mountain tops in glaciers and in the polar caps.

THE COMPOSITION OF THE CONTINENTAL WATER

continental water also has a certain south content all arthough in mach smoller cuantities than sea water.
rest f h wate
the salinity of the continental water is variable the pures has only, the pures fresh water has only 0.5 grams of south oear kg of water. there are many different timec of south present in continental water, and it the pens of the land that the water has run over. in lakes were there is a lot of evaporation there may be a mach hair level of salinity.

THE MOVEMENTS OF CONJTINENTAL WATERS

CONTINENTAL WATERS are in constant movement the most important movement of water inside the continenets is that of the water in the rivers. the movement of water in a river is called the flow, and it is varible*, in the hair couse on the river that is, close to the sourse, the flow is very fast. this is because the river is flowing through mountain valleis, were there is a stip inclination of the land** in the midle couse of the river the flow is weaker because the inclination of the land is mach gentler* in lowkers of the rover, near to the estuary, the flow is very slow because the is hardly any inclination at arl.
subir imagen de flow.

ANIMALS

OCTOBER 21 st / 09

ANIMALS


The animal kingdom is made up of organims that have the following characteristics.

They have eucaryotics cells organised into tissues are organised into organs like, for example, muscles.
They are consumers. Unlike plants, animals have to take food from their environment.



ANIMALS CLASSIFICATION

animales can be classified into herbivories, carnivories and obnivories according to their food.
Animals can be classified into oviparous or viviparous according to their embryonic debelopment.

Oviparous: develop inside eggs.
Viviparous: develop inside their mother's wombs.



Animals can be classified according to the environment they live in. They can be land or water creatures.

We can classify animals according to whether they have a skeleton. Thet is we can classify them into invertebrates and vertebrates.

Invertebrates: all the animal thets do not have a internal skeleton with a spin. Those are divided into smaller groups:

poriferan
coelenterates
worms
arthropods
molluscs
equinodermas


vertebrates: all animals thats have an internal skeletonwith a backbone those are divided into five smaller groups:

fish
amphibians
reptiles
birds
mammals

water and land relief

the movements of water causes considerable change in the land relie
the flow in gthe rivers and the breaking of wabes against the coast
line has an important impact on the rocks.

we can identify three different stages in the impact of water on the land relief:

erosion: happens when small fragments of rocks break away as o result of the strenght
of the flow of the river of the river or the acrion of the wabes on the coastline.

transportation: is when the movement of the water drags there fragments from the place where they broke off another place.

sedimentation: is the depositing of the materials whish have been transported by the movements of the water.

types of the land relief caused by the afiction of the rivers.
the most characteristics types of relief are the valleys. they are very narrow in the high course of the river where the amount of water in the river is less.


types of land relief caused caused by the action of the sea.

in a high coastline the most typical reloief is in the from of cliffs . a cliff is constantly changing is a result of the breaking of the wabes erode the rocks and dig aut the base of the diff and up being deposited in the from of a beach

TEMAS DE EVALUACIÒN

EL AGUA

importancia del agua para la vida

propiedades del agua

contaminaci`n del agua

movimientos del agua

los mares y oseanos

aguas continentales

agua y relieve

the water cycle

water moves from one part of the planet to another.:it falls from the atmosphere down to the earth, rivers and lakes and goes back into the atmosphere. this continual movement of water from one place living beings also intervene in the water cycle

example:

trees move huge quantities of water. they absorb water through their roots and then lose it again through there leaves.


why does water move?


-the movement of water from the rivers to the seas is doe to the inclination of the land. the movement of water from glaciers and the snow from the mountains to the rivers is doe to melting.

-the movement of water from seas, rivers and lakes to the atmosphere is doe to evaporation.

-water vapour cools in the atmosphere and forms drops of water this is condensation.




water is not evenly spread out

although is always moving arround, in some areas there is plenty of water and in other areas there is not enough

-the most humid parts of the earth are the topics and the equador rainfall is very heavy in these areas is enough rainfall in the temperatur areas northerm europe, asia and amèrica, to ensure that water is never scerce.

the driest areas are to north and south of the tropics and this is where nearly all the world's desserts are located. in these places it hardly rains.

ciclo de agua

the water evaporate from the seas and oceans this vapor water condansates in the clouds and when they are full up. the water comes down like rain, snow or hail to the rivers, lakes and mountain tops and finally to the oceans then the water cycle begins again.

oil slicks

Oil slicks float on oceans and seas, covering them in a thick film of crude or refined petroleum oil. When freight ships carrying tens of thousands of tons of fuel crash, malfunction, or encounter harsh weather, they spill enormous amounts of oil into the water. Since oil and water don't mix, the oil spreads out into a layer that hovers, as one mass, on top of the ocean.

industrial waste

Industrial waste is a type of waste produced by industrial activity, such as that of factories, mills and mines. It has existed since the outset of the industrial revolution.

Much industrial waste is neither hazardous nor toxic, such as waste fiber produced by agriculture and logging.

Toxic waste and chemical waste are two designations of industrial waste.

pollution in the subterranean water


is that cthe empres cembrate cerca of the sea and this salad water is filtrate and for this tha subterranean water is believe to salad


water contamination:

is when the espres throuw the garbage to the sea and contaminate it.

the properties of water

Water properties

Before we begin looking at the properties of water, maybe you'd like to take our True/False quiz about water properties. Some of the answers may surprise you.

What are the physical and chemical properties of water that make it so unique and necessary for living things? When you look at water, taste and smell it - well, what could be more boring? Pure water is virtually colorless and has no taste or smell. But the hidden qualities of water make it a most interesting subject.

the water have 3 states

solid: for example, ice

liquit: the normal water

gaseosus: when is evaporate

peces

how aquatic creatures adapt

many organisms live in a water medium. these creatures are well-adapted for moving and breathing in water.

- aquatic plants and weeds have flexible steams which do not break when they are moved by the current. they don need strong stems like plants on land because the water support them.

-aquatic animals usually have a streamlined shape like, for example a fish so that they can overcome the resistance of water. their extremities are usually wide like oars.

BREATHING IN WATER

aquatic plants and animals obtain their oxygen from the oxygen dissolved in water.

-aquatic plants breathe thought their leaves like plants like plants on land.

-aquatic animals have different organs for obtain oxygen from water. fish for example, have organs called gills which they use for breathing. gills are made up of small filaments which take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. this system.

july 28th/ 09

some animals, like reptiles, don´t drink but obtain their water supploes from the food they eat. many of thing they eat heve a hight water content and provide them with all the water they need.

other animals such as the majority of mammals and birds need a greater quantity of water and so they have to drink it as well.

land animals, including people, cannot drink salt water. salt water does not shop you from feeling thirsty. quite the contrary, it makes you feel even thirstier.

PLANTS NEED WATER TO SURVIVE

plants need water for three basic reasons:

1-plants can only absort mineral salts hrom the soil if they are dissolved in water. 2-water is the means of transport of the substances inside the plant. 3-plants only produce food product if they have water.

plants that live in very dry region like deserts have long roots with lots of bronches so that very they can collect as much water as possible.

plants that live in humid or wet dreas like the jungle, have no difficulty obtining water from the soil.

THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER FOR LIFE

all organisms have water inside them. water in inside their cells, in spaces between the cells, in blood and so on.

water plays a very important role in the chemocal changes that take place inside the body water dissolves all the substances that take part in these chamical changes. this is the reason why all organims need water which they must obtain from the surrounds.

investigate

how animals obtain water

well the animals can get water from rainwater, pond, lakes etc etc

How Plants Get Water and Nutrients

Plants absorb nutrients and water through their roots, but photosynthesis — the process by which plants create their fuel — occurs in the leaves. Therefore, plants need to get fluids and nutrients from the ground up through their stems to their parts that are above ground level.

reptiles drink water

It is best to provide water in a large shallow dish. Many reptiles need to soak in order to shed their skin appropriately. To avoid drowning (especially with neonates and tortoises), it is important that the reptile can exit the water bowl safely and with ease.

we can drink salt water?

no, becos our desidrate.

how dromedary camel save water

they save thewater in yours stomage

ANIMALS NEED WATER TO SURVIVOR

some animals, like the dromedary camel can last for several days withouth talking water but even these animals need water after a certain time.

animals can obtain water in two aways:

a. from food

a. from their surroundings

THE WATER PLANET

what is water?

water is a colpourness, odourless and tasteless liquid.

this definition refers to pure water. it is in fact extremely

difficult to find pure water in our surroundings. an example

what we usually means by water es the in the rivers and

seas orv tap water and this water is a mixture of various substances.

the predominant substancee in these mixtures is purewater but pthers substances

are suspended in solutions, usually mineral salts. the great variety of

salts that can be suspended in water means that there are different

types of water. sea water has more salt content than river water

tap water alse has salts and other substances which are added to makes

it safe for drinking.

THE WATER MOLECULE

water is made up of molecules consisting of atoms from two elements hydrogen and oxygen. each molecule is made up of one atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen .

notice the since water is in aq liquid state the molecules are sacattered about and can move relatively freely amongst themselves

THE WATER IN OUR EARTH

we call all the water within the continents continental water. thats is the water in the rivers, streams, likes and marshes and also the underground water

this water usually has a low salt contents and is called fresh water.

exept in the case of the masrches.

marine water is the water in the oceans and seas. this water is very salty and hyas a much highes content of salts than the water in the riers and lakes.

there is also water in the form of ice in the form of vapour in the atmosphere.

La historia de antiguo Egipto

 

 

Porque me parece interesante la historia de las pirámides, del momifica miento, de los faraones, etc.

water

the clasic definition of water is as follows:

water is a colorless and tasteless liquid.

this refers to pure water.

water is a mixture of various subtances. 

the predominant substances in these mixtures is pure water but other substances are suspended in the solution, usually mineral salts. the great variety of salts that can be suspended in water means that there are different types of of water has more salt content than river water. top water also has salts and other substances which are aded to make it save for drinking.

The Water Molecule

water is made up of molecules consisting of atoms from two elements hydrogen and oxygen. each molecule is made up of one atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen .

notice the since water is in aq liquid state the molecules are sacattered about and can move relatively freely amongst themselves 

how is the create of this blog

atmospheric phenomena

cyclones: are unestable atmespheric situacións. when there is a ciclone over a particular place the 

weather is usually very bad, it's windy and it rains or snow.

anticyclones: are stable situations and the weather is good. when  there is an anticyclone the weather is stable and sunny 

2 wind: the wind is the movement of the air from one place in the world to another. the air moves due to difference4s in temperature and atomspheric pressun between two differents areas in the atmosphere.

the strenght of the wind is measured according to its speed.

gentle winds (breezes) 10 km hr

most winds 20-40 km hr

stronger winds 100km hr

hurricane 200km hr 

3. precipitation: is when water falls, in its liquid or solid state, from the atmosphere to the earth's surface.

rain: is the falling of drops of water from the clouds to the earth's surface

 sanaw: is made up of spongy, white ice crystal called flakes. it snow when temperature is very low.

hailstones: are balls of compact ice with a diameter of more than 5mm.

they are formed in storn clouds which often occur in the summer.

different tipes of clouds

if we look closelyat the sky on different days we can see different types of clouds. the main types of clouds are:

cumulus: clouds look like cotton wool. the top of the cloud is domed and it doesn't usually rain when these clouds are about.

stratus: are low clouds whish are usully seen seen as a low band lying horozontaly to the land. they normally cover the wolw sky or at least most of it.

cirrus: are long, white clouds which are formed in the hieghst layers (even abore 9,000 metres), so they are normally made up of crystals or needles of ice.

stractocumulus: are located between 500 and 2,000 meters (they are low clowds) they are whitish or greys colours.

nimbus or nimbostratus: are clouds wich are located lower layers of the atoms phere. they are very uniform and gray in color and cause rain or snow to fall.

pure substances and mixtures

A pure substance is a form of matter that has a definite composition and distinct properties. It may consist of only one type of atoms (examples: Fe(s), N2(g), S8(s)), or of only one compound where the atoms are connected in a defined way, (examples: FeS(s), CH4(g), NaNO3(s), H2O(l)). Many substances called “pure” in everyday life like “Pure Honey”, “Pure Silk” etc. are not pure in a scientific sense but they are mixtures. A homogeneous substance has the same composition and properties throughout the sample (down to microscopic but not to atomic dimensions).      Examples: aluminium, sea water, pure gas, mixture of gases. A phase is a homogeneous section of matter. It can be:       - solid: Cu(s),       - liquid: H2O(l),       - gas: O2(g),      - a homogeneous mixture, i.e. a solution, e.g. an aqueous solution of a salt, a mixture of gases (air !). A heterogeneous substance consists of two or more phases.       Example: concrete, milk, foam. Solutions are homogeneous mixtures (one phase only) of two or more components. We distinguish:  - Solid solutions, called “alloys”.       Examples: brass (mixture of copper and zinc),bronze (mixture of copper and tin),amalgam (metal dissolved in mercury). - Liquid solutions,            Examples: sea water, sweetened tea, wine. - Gaseous solutions      Examples: air (21% O2 + 78% N2 + 1% other gases). Mixtures of gases are always homogeneous. In liquid solution one may distinguish the solvent, the main part of the solution, and the solute, the substance dissolved in the solvent. The solute may be gaseous, liquid or solid. Examples: CO2(g) (solute) dissolved in H2O(l) (solvent),   alcohol(l) (solute) dissolved in toluene(l) (solvent),   LiCl(s) (solute) dissolved in alcohol(l) (solvent). There is no easily detectable, obvious difference between a solution and a pure substance. Only the identification of the components (e.g. by separation techniques) proves a sample to be a homogeneous mixture and not a pure substance.

matter2

the properties of matter}

There are four different properties of matter. They are weight, volume, mass, and density. The most important one is mass. Mass is the amount of matter in an object and it never changes unless matter is taken out of the object. Mass also has a direct relationship with inertia. Inertia is the resistance of motion of an object. If an object has a greater mass, then it has a greater inertia. Also, you can find mass by measuring it on a triple beam balance.

mass}

weight}

volume}

density}

pure substances and mixtures} and types of mixture

types of mixtures are

solid/solid mixtures

liquid/liquid mixtures - these are called emulsions. Thery are often oil and water type emulsion. 

the beatles let it be piano

en muchas ocasiones se cree que el escuchar música como esta ayuda a los fetos a estar más desarrollados.
sera cierto?
prueben con esta canción¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡

The Beatles (Partituras Let It Be [Music Piano])(2)

Publish at Scribd or explore others:

partitura the beatles let it be en piano

matter

¿what is matteer?

every thing that so raunds as is made up of matter

the earth, the rocks, animals, plants, everything

we cut difline matter as all that ocupies a space

and can be weighed.

when we are stading matter we use some basic quantities such 

as length, surface area volumen, mass, densiti, or temperature.

so that we are all using the same units in cience we use what is 

called the international sisterms of units(si).

The General Properties of Matter

1. Mass- very common to all matter. Mass does not change unless divided or removed to a body of matter.

2. Weight- it depends in the attraction of the pull of gravity thus, it changes from place to place.

3. Impenetrability- there are no two things that can occupy the same space.

4. Inertia- a matter that is at rest will remain at rest but can only be moved when external force is applied.

5. Porosity- states that matter has pores.

6. Form and shape- where we can distinguish what kind of matter is the thing observed.

7. Volume- capacity or space occupied. 

material of The General Properties of Matter is of http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Teture_shape_size_and_color_are_all_examples_of_properties_of_matter

posibles thems of the evalutions of cience d7

rotation and revolution

celestial bodyes

solar sistem

parts of the earth

movements of the earth and the efects

concecuenses of rotation and revolution

the moon

the movements of the moon

lunar faces

eclipses 

calendar

the movements of the earth and their effects

rotation: the rotation produce the change of tha day to night

inclination and revolution: produce the seasons

The Moon

is a satellite of this earth

Movements of the Moon

moves around of the earth and it takes abaut one month to produce this movement

the other side of the Moon is called the darcksite

Luna Phases

Lunar Eclipses

Lunar eclipse

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Schematic diagram of the shadow cast by the Earth. Within the central umbra shadow, the Moon is totally shielded from direct illumination by the Sun. In contrast, within the penumbra shadow, only a portion of the sunlight is blocked.

As seen by an observer on Earth on the imaginarycelestial sphere, the Moon crosses the ecliptic every orbit at positions called nodes twice every month. When the full moon occurs in the same position at the node, a lunar eclipse can occur. These two nodes allow two to five eclipses per year, parted by approximately six months. (Note: Not drawn to scale. The Sun is much larger and farther away than the Moon.)

As viewed from Earth, the Earth's shadow can be imagined as two concentric circles. As the diagram illustrates, the type of lunar eclipse is defined by the path taken by the Moon as it passes through Earth's shadow. If the Moon passes through the outer circle but does not reach the inner circle, it is a penumbral eclipse; if only a portion of the Moon passes through the inner circle, it is a partial eclipse; and if entire Moon passes through the inner circle at some point, it is a total eclipse.

A lunar eclipse occurs whenever the Moon passes through some portion of the Earth's shadow. This can occur only when the Sun,Earth, and Moon are aligned exactly, or very closely so, with the Earth in the middle. Hence, there is always a full moon the night of a lunar eclipse. The type and length of an eclipse depend upon the Moon's location relative to its orbital nodes. The next total lunar eclipse occurs on December 21, 2010. The next eclipse of the Moon is a penumbral eclipse on July 7, 2009.

Types of lunar eclipses

The shadow of the Earth can be divided into two distinctive parts: the umbra and penumbra. Within the umbra, there is no direct solar radiation. However, as a result of the Sun's large angular size, solar illumination is only partially blocked in the outer portion of the Earth's shadow, which is given the name penumbra.

A penumbral eclipse occurs when the Moon passes through the Earth's penumbra. The penumbra does not cause any noticeable darkening of the Moon's surface, though some may argue it turns a little yellow. A special type of penumbral eclipse is a total penumbral eclipse, during which the Moon lies exclusively within the Earth's penumbra. Total penumbral eclipses are rare, and when these occur, that portion of the Moon which is closest to the umbra can appear somewhat darker than the rest of the Moon.

A partial lunar eclipse occurs when only a portion of the Moon enters the umbra. When the Moon travels completely into the Earth's umbra, one observes a total lunar eclipse. The Moon's speed through the shadow is about one kilometer per second (2,300 mph), and totality may last up to nearly 107 minutes. Nevertheless, the total time between the Moon's first and last contact with the shadow is much longer, and could last up to 3.8 hours.^[1] The relative distance of the Moon from the Earth at the time of an eclipse can affect the eclipse's duration. In particular, when the Moon is near its apogee, the farthest point from the Earth in its orbit, its orbital speed is the slowest. The diameter of the umbra does not decrease much with distance. Thus, a totally-eclipsed Moon occurring near apogee will lengthen the duration of totality.

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The materials of the earth surface

The earth is made up of solid materials predomunant in the litosphere, liquid more usual in the idrosphyre and gaseus predominant in the admosphere

Materials in the admosphere

The admosphere is made up of mostly gaseus materials. There are also solid and liquid materials like the minute drops of water nd ice that make up the clouts. As far as we are concermet the most inportant material in the asmosphere is air. Air is not a gas but a michure of gases, it is made up of 78& nitrogen, 21% oxigent and 1% other gases

materials in the hydrosphere

The hydrosphere is made up almost exclusively of 1 material, water. Most of the water in the hydrosphere is in a liquid state but the solid water, ice and snow, is sow sow consideret to be part of the hydrosphere. There maybe other materials in the water of te hydrosphere. For example sea water is very reach in salts. We can say that sea water is a mitsure of sant a water

Materials in the litoaphere

The litosphere is made up of rocks and mineral. These are solid materials, which can be many diferent types, chapes,sizes and colors. Sand is made up of small particles of rock. Clai is also made up of minute particles of rock mixt whit water.

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Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the natural environment, into the atmosphere.

EXAMPLES

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) - especially nitrogen dioxide are emitted from high temperature combustion.

Carbon monoxide - is a colourless, odourless, non-irritating but very poisonous gas.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) - a greenhouse gas emitted from combustion but is also a gas vital to living organisms. It is a natural gas in the atmosphere.

Where is the earth is more pollutet?

• Chernobyl, Ukraine
• Dzerzinsk, Russia
• Haina, Dominican Republic
• Kabwe, Zambia
• La Oroya, Peru
• Linfen, China
• Mailuu-Suu, Kyrgyzstan
• Norilsk, Russia
• Ranipet, India
• Rudnaya Pristan, Russia

Because are the most evolution countries of the earth....because they have most enterprices.